Lumps & Bumps

Lumps, bumps, bruises and swellings are all too common in livestock. If you spot a lump on your horse, cow, goat or sheep, what does it mean? How can you tell what it is, and what should you do?

Most lumps are localised swellings. They may be:

• The result of trauma – often warm, painful and sudden in appearance

• An infection such as an abscess or cellulitis, particularly in a previously injured area

• A swollen joint due to arthritis

• Oedema – fluid under the skin, which may follow injury or allergy

• A tumour – either benign (like a wart or cyst) or malignant

When to call the vet

Some lumps are urgent. Contact your vet immediately if:

• The swelling is around the head or throat and interferes with breathing

• It is growing rapidly

• It causes severe pain

• It is interfering with eating, walking or other behaviour

In less urgent cases, still seek veterinary advice if the swelling:

• Is growing or persistent

• Causes discomfort

• Has unclear origins or doesn’t resolve quickly

A full examination may include a sample or biopsy to determine the cause. Early diagnosis and treatment often prevent more serious problems.

Be ready with answers

When you call the vet, they will likely ask:

• How long has it been there?

• Is it painful to touch?

• Where is it located?

• Is it superficial or deep?

• Does it feel hot?

• How large is it?

• Is it clearly defined or diffuse?

• Is it soft, hard or fluid-filled?

• Has anything happened recently to cause it?

Common causes by species

Cattle

• Haematomas and bruises from trauma

• Infections such as lumpy jaw

• Swellings under the jaw from oedema, liver or heart disease

• Arthritis in joints

Sheep

• Bruising or haematomas

• Abscesses, including caseous lymphadenitis

• Tooth root infections

• Arthritis

Goats

• Injuries and haematomas

• Local infections

• Goitre (thyroid swelling under the throat)

• Arthritis

Horses

• Bruising from kicks and knocks

• Infections such as strangles

• Capped hocks from repeated kicking

• Tumours (e.g. sarcoids, melanomas)

• Insect bite reactions on the back or saddle area

Sometimes, lumps are normal

• Vaccination sites can develop a lump, especially in the neck

• Young horses may develop jaw swelling while cheek teeth erupt

This is not a complete list. There are many possible causes, and most require treatment if you want the lump to resolve.

Bottom line: If in doubt, consult your veterinarian.