Prepare for calving
Calving season can be both rewarding and challenging, especially on a lifestyle block where every animal counts. Being prepared helps you manage the birth smoothly and step in when needed without causing undue stress to the cow or calf.
Recognising the signs
In the final week before calving, the cow’s udder will begin to swell and tighten. Some cows may start dripping milk, which is something to watch for. If milk is leaking before birth, there’s a risk of mastitis, especially from soil-borne bacteria like Streptococcus uberis. These bacteria can enter the udder through the teat canal.
Let the cow find her space
If she has the room, let the cow find a quiet area where she feels safe to calve. She may spend an hour or more sniffing and pawing at the ground. Once her birth fluids are released, she will likely lie down and get up repeatedly as contractions intensify.
Do not leave her unattended for too long once this starts. If half an hour passes without progress, it’s time to check on her. If you cannot approach her quietly in the paddock, you may need to move her to a yard.
In a normal presentation, you should see two front feet and a nose, much like a diver entering the water. If not, it may be time to call for assistance.
Calving essentials to have ready
Here is a basic calving kit that every lifestyle farmer should keep on hand:
A secure yard with solid fencing, a race, and a headbail
Long rubber gloves
Lubricant
Disinfectant
Plastic buckets
Calf ropes or chains with handles
A plastic calf feeder for stomach tubing
Iodine for navels
A resuscitation device
A cover or rug to keep a down cow warm
Treatments for metabolic issues like calcium (milk fever), magnesium (staggers), and glucose (ketosis)
Electrolytes for treating calf diarrhoea
If a calf is stuck and all that’s needed is to extend the front legs gently, then that is usually manageable. However, if any force is required, stop and seek experienced help. Well-meaning but inexperienced people can cause more harm than good. If the situation feels beyond your skill level, do not hesitate to call your vet.
After calving
Once the calf is born, remove the afterbirth from the paddock. Don’t leave it lying around for dogs or cats. Use the offal hole. Immediately treat the calf’s navel with iodine to prevent infection.
If the cow has been down for a while or appears weak, give her a combined dose of metabolic treatments. Sachets are easier to warm up than bottles, and they can be kept inside your jacket until needed.
If you haven’t already, learn how and where to give injections.
If a cow is down and unable to rise, she may be suffering from paralysis or nerve damage. Call your vet for advice. Keep her warm, provide water and hay, and cover her to reduce stress. Do not use hip clamps for more than five to ten minutes. A sling is a better option if she needs lifting, but always get professional guidance for intensive care.
Feeding the newborn calf
A newborn calf must receive a minimum of 2 litres of colostrum within the first six hours of life. If it cannot suckle, use a stomach feeder to ensure it gets the vital antibodies in time.
Look for swollen or red quarters or if the cow kicks at the calf while it feeds. If there are any concerns, consult your vet for the correct treatment.
Managing calf removal and fostering
If you plan to remove the calf, do it straight after birth. This is the least stressful approach for both cow and calf. If you plan to foster another calf onto the cow, act quickly while the maternal instinct is still strong and the calves are small. Be aware, though, that not all cows will accept an extra calf. You will quickly learn which cows are willing foster mothers.
Preparing properly for calving improves outcomes for both animals and farmers. If you are new to cattle or want a refresher before calving season, our Cattle Breeding course offers practical advice on birth management, recognising signs of trouble, and postnatal care.
